This article originally appeared on HerMoney.com.
Stable employment, access to healthcare, and the ability to save and provide for our families and ourselves as we age — all women face obstacles to achieving economic equality in these areas. But the country’s 5.1 million lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) women deal with additional layers of bias, stigma and lack of legal protections simply because of who they choose to love and how they identify.
Federal law did not explicitly bar employers from firing or discriminating against a worker for their sexual orientation until — checks notes — about 15 minutes ago. On June 15, 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that Title VII of the Civil Rights Act that protects sex discrimination in the workplace applies to gay, lesbian and transgender workers.
This is huge step, and we will pause for a moment of celebration. But there’s still a lot of work to do. Decades of anti-LGBTQ laws don’t erase years without protections from discrimination in employment. And sex discrimination could still go unchallenged in education, housing, health care and credit — the basic pillars of economic security.
An in-depth report on the financial penalty for LGBT women in America, co-authored by two think tanks — the Center for American Progress (CAP) and the Movement Advancement Project (MAP) — provides a snapshot of what it’s like for LGBT women:
- An estimated 4.1 percent of adult women identify as LGBT versus 3.9 percent of adult men.
- Within the LGBT population there are an estimated 350,000 transgender women.
- For every dollar a man in a married-opposite-sex couple earns, a woman in a same-sex couple earns $0.79 whereas a man in a same-sex couple earns $0.98.
- One in five LGBT women living alone lives in poverty.
- African American LGBT women in a same-sex couple are three times more likely to be poor than white women in same-sex couples. Latina women in same-sex couples are twice as likely to be poor.
- Older women (ages 65 and above) in same-sex couples have nearly twice the poverty rate of older married opposite-sex couples.
- 15 percent of female same-sex couples raising children live in poverty, compared to 9 percent of married opposite-sex couples with children.
- LGBT women of color face higher rates of workplace discrimination due to multiple identities (race, gender/gender identity, sexual orientation). The rate of discrimination for Asian and Pacific Islander LGBT people is reported between 75 percent-82 percent; four in 10 (42 percent) of Black LGBT people have experienced employment discrimination.
- A 2014 Gallup survey that measured individual social, financial and physical well-being found that 39 percent of non-LGBT women were thriving compared to 29 percent of LGBT women.
*NOTE: In these and all the statistics cited in this article we use the gender, racial and sexual orientation language and acronyms used by the original authors.
12 NUMBERS EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW
Here’s a more in-depth look at 12 key numbers that illuminate the economic status and challenges that LGBTQ+ people face.
50 percent: THE PERCENTAGE OF LGBTQ WORKERS WHO JUST NOW GOT FEDERAL PROTECTION FROM DISCRIMINATION
Roughly 3.4 million LGBT workers and more than 500,000 transgender workers age 16 and older in the U.S. live in states without statutory protections against employment discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, according to an a report from The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at UCLA School of Law.
What’s clear is that employment protections benefit LGBTQ workers in states that have them. The rate of poverty for female same-sex couples in states with protections was 5.6 percent versus 9.2 percent in states that lack employment protections, according to another Williams Institute study. (Note, the poverty rate for married opposite-sex couples in states with and without protections was 5.4 percent and 5.9 percent, respectively.) The trend was nearly identical when the poverty rate was measured in states with and without marriage or comprehensive relationship recognition.
43 percent: PERCENTAGE OF LGBTQ EMPLOYEES WHO ARE NOT FULLY “OUT” AT WORK
A Glassdoor study conducted by Harris Poll found that more than half of LGBTQ employees and 30 percent of non-LGBTQ employees experienced or witnessed co-workers make anti-LGBTQ comments.
No wonder nearly half (47 percent) of LGBTQ employees believe being “out” at work could hurt their career (cost them a job, promotion or getting assigned to projects). According to OutLeadership.com, 43 percent of LGBT+ workers are not fully “out” at their place of employment. (Notably, fewer than 0.3 percent of directors at Fortune 500 companies are openly LGBT+.)
UP TO 10 percent: THE AMOUNT OF TIME LGBT+ WORKERS SPEND COVERING THEIR IDENTITIES
There’s a cost to companies when employees remain closeted: 9 percent of LGBT+ employees have left a job because the work environment wasn’t accepting. And LGBT+ workers who remain report spending valuable time guarding their closet door, paying what amounts to an “inclusion dividend” — LGBT+ employees reported to OutLeadership that they spend up to 10 percent of their productivity covering their identities at work.
12 percent: HOW MUCH LESS THE AVERAGE LESBIAN WOMAN MAKES COMPARED TO THE AVERAGE HETEROSEXUAL WOMAN
According to UBS, lesbian respondents reported earning an average annual salary of $45,606 versus $51,461 reported by heterosexual women. The earnings gap was even wider between gay men ($56,936) and heterosexual men ($83,469).
A 2008 study cited by the CAP/MAP report found that transgender women who transitioned from male to female saw their wages fall by nearly one-third. After transitioning from female to male, however, transgender men made slightly more.
$26,000: THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHAT ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER MALE AND ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER FEMALE SAME-SEX COUPLES EARN ANNUALLY
The gender earnings gap is alive and well in the LGBT community where lesbian women earn less than their male counterparts (gay men) and bisexual women make less than bisexual men, according to Prudential’s 2016/2017 “The LGBT Financial Experience” study.
Gender-based income inequality is particularly pronounced among LGBT couples. Census data shows that the average household income for female same-sex couples was nearly $100,000 versus $130,000 for the average same-sex male couple.
The same pattern — male couples earning more than female couples — bears out across all races, albeit to different degrees. Asian Pacific Islander female same-sex couples bring in $26,000 less per year than their male counterparts. There’s a $21,000 annual household income gap between male and female African American same-sex households, and Latina couples earn almost $14,000 less than male same-sex couples.
$0.16: EARNINGS GAP BETWEEN A MARRIED WOMAN IN A SAME-SEX COUPLE VS. WOMAN IN AN OPPOSITE-SEX MARRIAGE
The general wage gap between men and women overall is well documented. For every $1 a man earns, a woman earns $0.82. That’s the average for all women. The per-dollar number for Black women is $0.61. It’s $0.90 for Asian-American women, $0.57 for Native American women and $0.54 for Latina women.
However, women in same-sex marriages fare better than women in opposite-sex marriages.
A 2013 study from the Williams Institute found that for every $1 a man in a married opposite-sex couple received, a married woman in an opposite-sex couple earned $0.63 and a married woman in same-sex couple earned $0.79 — or $0.16 more than her straight counterpart.
The study’s author posited that women in same-sex couples were less likely to have children and, by remaining in the workforce instead of taking parental leave, were able to reap work-related benefits.
Still, the male-female wage gap persists. The same study found that a man in a same-sex couple earned $0.98 for every dollar a man in an opposite-sex couple earned.
<$12,000: THE ANNUAL INCOME EARNED BY OF 22 percent OF LGBTQ PEOPLE
The federal poverty level is around $12,000 for a single-person household. Among the LGBTQ community, 22 percent of people earn less than that compared to 16 percent of non-LGBTQ people. Bisexual women and transgender people of all sexual orientations report the highest poverty rate of all: Roughly 30 percent for each group.
49 percent: THE RATE OF HOMEOWNERSHIP AMONG THE LGBTQ POPULATION
The Fair Housing Act and the Equal Credit Opportunity Act prohibits discrimination against borrowers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin. Sexual orientation and gender identity, however, are not protected under federal lending laws. That might be one reason for the lower homeownership rate among the LGBTQ population compared to the overall U.S. population (49 percent versus 64 percent), according to a 2018 Freddie Mac study.
A 2019 report from the Movement Advancement Project, the Center for American Progress, GLAAD and the Human Rights Campaign cites several studies that reveal discrimination in the hunt for housing. One found that 15 percent of same-sex couples encountered discrimination when trying to rent or buy a home. And in the past year alone, 30 percent of transgender househunters reported that they had experienced housing discrimination.
0.2percent: THE ADDITIONAL AMOUNT IN MORTGAGE INTEREST AND FEES PAID BY SAME-SEX BORROWERS
Researchers were able to calculate the pervasiveness of mortgage discrimination when they compared the loan data of same-sex couples to different-sex couples. Their findings, published by the National Academy of Sciences journal, revealed that same-sex couples were 73 percent more likely to be denied a mortgage than financially similar heterosexual couples.
When same-sex couples were approved for a mortgage, they were offered inferior terms and paid, on average, 0.02 percent to 0.2 percent more in interest and fees than different-sex borrowers — an upcharge was calculated to be equivalent to $8.6 million to $86 million in additional interest/fees nationwide per year.
57 percent: THE PERCENTAGE OF OLDER LGBT WOMEN CONCERNED ABOUT RUNNING OUT OF MONEY
Most women are familiar with the “bag lady” syndrome, where we fear we’ll end up homeless in old age. LGBT older people are particularly vulnerable to financial insecurity due to employment concerns, a lifetime of discrimination and smaller support networks.
According to the “Out & Visible” report from SAGE (Services and Advocacy for GLBT Elders), approximately one in three LGBT older people (age 45 to 75) live alone, compared to 21 percent of non-LGBT people. Older LGBT women are more concerned than their male counterparts about having enough money to live on (57 percent vs. 49 percent); not being able to take care of themselves (51 percent vs. 39 percent); and being a burden to those they love (42 percent vs. 30 percent).
$66,000: THE MEDIAN RETIREMENT SAVINGS FOR SAME-SEX COUPLES
Saving for the future is challenging for all households, but studies show that the LGBTQ population is struggling more than the heterosexual counterparts. According to a UBS report on LGBT retirement planning, the median retirement savings for same-sex couples is $66,000 versus $88,000 for straight married couples.
One reason might be access and participation in the market: The Prudential study cited early found that the LGBT population was less likely than the general population to have an employer-sponsored retirement plan (e.g. 401(k), 403(b), 457), an individual retirement account (IRA) or own mutual funds or individual stocks.
1 percent OF GDP: THE COST OF HOMOPHOBIA AND TRANSPHOBIA TO A COUNTRY’S ECONOMIC WELL-BEING
Plenty of studies have made a business case for inclusivity in terms of gender and race. But companies that venture beyond this narrow definition of diversity reap even larger rewards. According to Credit Suisse/McKinsey, companies that include LGBT+ employees outperform their less-inclusive peers by 10 percent on average.
In addition to the ethical and moral obligations we have as individuals, we, as a country, discriminate against this community of entrepreneurs — job creators, taxpayers, essential service providers — at our peril. The cost of prejudice is enormous.
University of Massachusetts Amherst economist and author M.V. Lee Badgett says that business hostility toward LGBT people cost countries 1 percent or more of their GDP.
Dayana Yochim