Conspiracy theories about powerful elites who rule through secrecy have long been a staple of fringe literature and paranoid fantasies. From the Freemasons and the Illuminati of the 18th century to the Rothschilds and other Jewish financiers referred to in works like “The Protocols of the Elders of Zion” to today’s supposedly all-powerful “deep state,” we love to ascribe our problems to a cabal of untouchable power brokers, and we love reading books and diatribes about how we can’t do anything to stop them.
There may be no figure who walked the line between traditional secretive power broker and the newer depraved monster trope more than Jeffrey Epstein.
Add in sexual depravity and accusations of horrible things done to children, and a conspiracy theory can be almost impossible to dislodge. The rise of social media-driven plots like Pizzagate and QAnon has a dark and psychologically compelling edge. The elites in these theories don’t want just money or power — they already have that. No, they also want our children, for the most vile and sinister purpose imaginable. For many, conspiracy theories involving underage trafficking are a license to abandon critical thinking, logic and facts in the service of “saving the children.”
There may be no figure who walked the line between traditional secretive power broker and the newer depraved monster trope more than the late Jeffrey Epstein. Starting on Wednesday night, the names of over 150 people tied to an Epstein lawsuit first filed back in 2015 are being unsealed in batches. This process has breathed new life into theories and speculation about the disgraced, abusive multimillionaire.
Epstein was certainly part of the wealthy elite, having access to a mind-boggling array of tycoons, royalty, cultural leaders and U.S. presidents of both parties. But he was also a convicted sex offender with a private island that may or may not have had a sex temple.
Even his death by suicide in a Manhattan jail is slathered in conspiracies and accusations that “Jeffrey Epstein didn’t kill himself.” (A 2022 Justice Department report slammed the Metropolitan Correctional Center, where Epstein was being held, for negligence and misconduct but didn’t contradict the finding of his cause of death.) In short, he was the perfect vessel for today’s conspiracy movement, steeped in both classic notions of control and bizarre internet ephemera about occult rituals. And even though he is dead, the conspiracy theorizing goes on.
The court-mandated release this week represents what some conspiracy watchers see as the Holy Grail of trafficking plots — a mostly unredacted list of names of Epstein associates and victims that was submitted for a 2015 civil lawsuit against his now-imprisoned girlfriend and accomplice, Ghislaine Maxwell. On social media, Trump supporters are hammering liberals, while liberals are hammering Trump supporters. Epstein theories are nothing if not apolitical.
Conspiracy theories about the supposed depravity of the powerful are nothing new, of course. Popular anti-Catholic tracts like 1836’s bestselling “The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk” were full of disgusting allegations about what the pope’s agents were doing to nuns, while sexual immorality is a major pillar of modern antisemitism. In Epstein, all these different strands come together — the power, the depravity, the secrecy, the Judaism — with a twist that, unlike in many past conspiracy theories, Epstein truly was a horrid monster.
But long-lasting conspiracy theories are built on webs of lies. And so as the world waits for the full “Epstein Client List” to be made public, some journalists are still stubbornly preparing Epstein conspiracy theorists for a letdown. They point out that most of the names will already be known and that simply being on a list of people who knew Jeffrey Epstein doesn’t actually make one a sex trafficker. The list might be salacious and embarrassing for a few people who will be forced to answer hard questions about their associations, but it won’t lead to the unraveling of an elite trafficking network. Nor will it bring any justice to Epstein’s victims who were denied their opportunity to testify by his suicide. Truly durable conspiracy theories outgrow any ability for disconfirmation or disappointing “smoking guns.” These stubborn facts won’t matter to the Epstein conspiracy theory industry, because it never does. Truly durable conspiracy theories outgrow any ability for disconfirmation or disappointing “smoking guns” to have any sway on their believers, while cultic movements have a remarkable ability to take failed predictions and fizzled prophecies and work them into their mythologies. QAnon endured countless blown deadlines of when “the storm” of Donald Trump’s justice would sweep away the elites — never mind that Trump is himself linked to Epstein. (Trump later claimed he had a “falling out” with Epstein and “was not a fan of his, that I can tell you.”) And most of the major touchstones of conspiracy literature were long ago debunked as frauds but are still shared as forbidden research that “they” will do anything to suppress. No matter who is or isn’t on the Epstein list, the conspiracy theories about him have long since transcended reality or logic. His place in the firmament of paranoia is secure, and while much of this placement is well-earned, at least some of it is based on moral panic and conspiracy theory. If the list of names provides little new information — and there’s every indication it will — the disappointment will simply be rolled into the next iteration of the theory. And there is always a next iteration.
Mike Rothschild
Mike Rothschild is a journalist and the author of “The Storm is Upon Us: How QAnon Became a Movement, Cult, and Conspiracy Theory of Everything.” 
